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技术英语词汇

等级 L1-L2 · 每天 15 分钟 · 场景:背词→一、通用高频动词,读文档→三、Java / JVM,写PR→十、工程实践,技术讨论→五、分布式系统

先背你每天用的领域，不要按字母表背。 每个词都是你工作中会遇到的高频词，不是考试词表。

学习地图

你要 建议先背 大约词汇量
看懂技术文档 Java/数据库 + 通用动词 ~200 词
写英文邮件/PR 通用动词 + 工程实践 +100 词
技术讨论 分布式/系统设计 + 网络 +150 词
技术面试 全领域 + 算法术语 +150 词

一、通用高频动词

这些词是你写英文邮件、PR 描述、代码注释时最常用的。

英文 中文 常见搭配 例句
implement 实现 implement a feature / interface We need to implement the caching layer.
resolve 解决 resolve an issue / conflict This PR resolves #1234.
optimize 优化 optimize performance / query The query was optimized by adding an index.
refactor 重构 refactor the code / module Refactored the payment service to reduce coupling.
deploy 部署 deploy to production / staging The fix was deployed to production at 3pm.
trigger 触发 trigger an event / build Pushing to main triggers the CI pipeline.
invoke 调用 invoke a method / API The service invokes the payment gateway.
propagate 传播 propagate the error / context The trace context is propagated across services.
aggregate 聚合 aggregate data / results The metrics are aggregated every minute.
persist 持久化 persist data / state The session data is persisted to Redis.
retrieve 检索 retrieve data / records The API retrieves user profiles from the cache.
validate 校验 validate input / token The interceptor validates the JWT token.
serialize 序列化 serialize object / response The response is serialized to JSON.
deserialize 反序列化 deserialize payload / request body The controller deserializes the request body.
replicate 复制 replicate data / database The data is replicated across three nodes.
evict 驱逐 evict cache / entry The cache evicts the least recently used entries.
throttle 限流 throttle requests / rate The API gateway throttles requests exceeding the limit.
degrade 降级 degrade gracefully / service The service degrades to a fallback response.
bootstrap 初始化 bootstrap the application / context Spring bootstraps the application context on startup.
orchestrate 编排 orchestrate services / workflow The saga orchestrates the distributed transaction.

二、通用高频名词

英文 中文 常见搭配 例句
latency 延迟 reduce latency / network latency The cache significantly reduces latency.
throughput 吞吐量 increase throughput / high throughput Kafka is designed for high throughput.
overhead 开销 memory overhead / performance overhead Each thread adds a small overhead.
bottleneck 瓶颈 performance bottleneck / identify the bottleneck The database connection pool is the bottleneck.
trade-off 权衡 a trade-off between A and B There's a trade-off between consistency and availability.
constraint 约束 a design constraint / under constraint The system must operate under memory constraints.
redundancy 冗余 data redundancy / add redundancy Redundancy is achieved through replication.
resilience 弹性 system resilience / build resilience Circuit breakers improve system resilience.
consistency 一致性 strong consistency / eventual consistency The system guarantees eventual consistency.
availability 可用性 high availability / ensure availability The cluster provides 99.99% availability.
scalability 可扩展性 horizontal scalability / scale out The architecture supports horizontal scalability.
reliability 可靠性 system reliability / improve reliability Retries and timeouts improve reliability.
concurrency 并发 handle concurrency / concurrency control The lock manager handles concurrency.
dependency 依赖 a dependency on / manage dependencies The service has a dependency on the user service.
contract 契约 API contract / break the contract The API contract is defined in the OpenAPI spec.
payload 载荷 request payload / message payload The payload is compressed before sending.
schema 模式 database schema / schema migration The schema migration is applied by Flyway.
workload 工作负载 read-heavy workload / mixed workload The database handles a read-heavy workload.

三、Java / JVM

英文 中文 说明
heap / stack 堆 / 栈 JVM memory areas
garbage collection (GC) 垃圾回收 automatic memory management
classloader 类加载器 loads class files into JVM
bytecode 字节码 JVM instruction set
just-in-time (JIT) compilation 即时编译 compiles bytecode to native code
thread pool 线程池 manages a pool of worker threads
lock contention 锁竞争 multiple threads competing for a lock
deadlock 死锁 two threads waiting for each other's locks
race condition 竞态条件 incorrect behavior due to timing
thread-safe 线程安全 safe for concurrent use
immutable 不可变 state cannot change after creation
serialization 序列化 converting object to byte stream
reflection 反射 inspecting/modifying runtime behavior
annotation 注解 metadata for classes/methods
aspect-oriented programming (AOP) 面向切面编程 cross-cutting concerns
dependency injection (DI) 依赖注入 injecting dependencies into objects
inversion of control (IoC) 控制反转 framework calls your code
proxy 代理 an object representing another object
bean Bean Spring-managed object
autowiring 自动装配 automatic dependency resolution
connection pool 连接池 pool of reusable connections
thread dump 线程转储 snapshot of all thread states
heap dump 堆转储 snapshot of all objects in heap
garbage collector 垃圾收集器 e.g. G1, ZGC, Shenandoah
stop-the-world (STW) 全局暂停 all application threads are paused
memory leak 内存泄漏 objects not garbage collected
off-heap 堆外 memory outside the JVM heap
volatile volatile 关键字（易变的） guarantees visibility, forbids reordering
happens-before 先行发生 ordering guarantee in JMM

四、数据库

MySQL

英文 中文 说明
index 索引 data structure for fast lookup
primary key 主键 unique identifier for a row
foreign key 外键 reference to another table
composite index 联合索引 index on multiple columns
covering index 覆盖索引 index that satisfies a query without lookup
clustered index 聚簇索引 data rows are stored in index order
B+ tree B+ 树 balanced tree for disk-based storage
transaction 事务 a unit of work
ACID 原子性/一致性/隔离性/持久性 transaction properties
commit 提交 make changes permanent
rollback 回滚 undo changes
isolation level 隔离级别 how transactions see each other
dirty read 脏读 reading uncommitted data
phantom read 幻读 same query returns different rows
MVCC 多版本并发控制 multi-version concurrency control
undo log 回滚日志 for rolling back transactions
redo log 重做日志 for crash recovery
binlog 二进制日志 for replication and point-in-time recovery
slow query 慢查询 query exceeding a time threshold
execution plan 执行计划 how the database executes a query
full table scan 全表扫描 reading every row
table lock 表锁 lock on the entire table
row lock 行锁 lock on a specific row
gap lock 间隙锁 lock on the gap between records
deadlock 死锁 two transactions waiting for each other
master-slave 主从 replication topology
sharding 分库分表 splitting data across multiple databases
partition 分区 dividing a table into smaller pieces

Redis

英文 中文 说明
in-memory 内存型 data stored in RAM
key-value store 键值存储 stores data as key-value pairs
data structure 数据结构 string, list, set, hash, sorted set, stream, etc.
expiration 过期 automatic key deletion
TTL 生存时间 time-to-live for a key
eviction 驱逐 removing keys when memory is full
persistence 持久化 saving data to disk
RDB 快照 point-in-time snapshot
AOF 追加文件 append-only file for logging writes
pipeline 管道 batching commands
pub/sub 发布/订阅 messaging pattern
Lua script Lua 脚本 atomic script execution
sentinel 哨兵 high availability for Redis
cluster 集群 distributed Redis
hash slot 哈希槽 key distribution in cluster mode
cache penetration 缓存穿透 querying for non-existent data
cache breakdown 缓存击穿 a hot key expires
cache avalanche 缓存雪崩 many keys expire at once
bitmap 位图 bit-level operations
hyperloglog 超对数 cardinality estimation
geo 地理位置 geospatial data
stream 流 append-only log for message streaming

五、分布式系统

英文 中文 说明
distributed system 分布式系统 system running on multiple nodes
consensus 共识 agreeing on a single value
leader election 选主 choosing a coordinator
replication 复制 copying data across nodes
sharding 分片 partitioning data across nodes
failover 故障转移 switching to a backup
split-brain 脑裂 cluster splits into two parts
quorum 法定人数 majority needed for decision
heartbeat 心跳 periodic signal for liveness
gossip protocol 流言协议 epidemic information dissemination
eventual consistency 最终一致性 data eventually consistent
strong consistency 强一致性 all nodes see the same data
CAP theorem CAP 定理 consistency / availability / partition tolerance
idempotency 幂等 same operation, same result
exactly-once 精确一次 delivery guarantee
at-least-once 至少一次 delivery guarantee
at-most-once 最多一次 delivery guarantee
circuit breaker 熔断器 stop calling a failing service
bulkhead 舱壁 isolate failures
rate limiting 限流 control request rate
backpressure 背压 consumer signals producer to slow down
retry 重试 try again on failure
timeout 超时 give up after a duration
graceful degradation 优雅降级 reduce functionality gracefully
fault tolerance 容错 system continues despite failures

六、系统设计

英文 中文 说明
load balancer 负载均衡器 distributes traffic
reverse proxy 反向代理 sits in front of servers
API gateway API 网关 single entry point
CDN 内容分发网络 content delivery network
message queue 消息队列 async communication
publish-subscribe 发布订阅 messaging pattern
producer / consumer 生产者 / 消费者 messaging roles
stateless / stateful 无状态 / 有状态 server design
horizontal scaling 水平扩展 adding more machines
vertical scaling 垂直扩展 upgrading a single machine
caching layer 缓存层 e.g., Redis, Memcached
database sharding 数据库分片 splitting data
read replica 只读副本 read-only copy
write-ahead log (WAL) 预写日志 log before modifying
leader / follower 主节点 / 从节点 replication roles
consistent hashing 一致性哈希 distributing keys with minimal reshuffling
bloom filter 布隆过滤器 probabilistic set membership
token bucket 令牌桶 rate limiting algorithm
leaky bucket 漏桶 rate limiting algorithm
sliding window 滑动窗口 time-based rate limiting
short URL 短链接 URL shortening
idempotency key 幂等键 prevent duplicate operations
event sourcing 事件溯源 store events, not state
CQRS 命令查询职责分离 command query responsibility segregation
saga 长事务 distributed transaction pattern
two-phase commit (2PC) 两阶段提交 distributed commit protocol

七、网络

英文 中文 说明
TCP / UDP 传输控制协议 / 用户数据报协议 transport layer protocols
handshake 握手 connection establishment
three-way handshake 三次握手 TCP connection setup
four-way挥手 四次挥手 TCP connection termination
congestion control 拥塞控制 managing network congestion
flow control 流量控制 managing sender rate
sliding window 滑动窗口 flow control mechanism
acknowledgment (ACK) 确认 packet received
retransmission 重传 resending lost packets
timeout 超时 waiting time exceeded
keep-alive 保活 maintaining idle connection
multiplexing 多路复用 multiple streams over one connection
DNS 域名系统 domain name resolution
round-robin 轮询 distributing requests in turn
proxy 代理 intermediary server
firewall 防火墙 security barrier
subnet 子网 network subdivision
latency 延迟 time for data to travel
bandwidth 带宽 data transfer capacity
packet loss 丢包 packets not arriving
HTTP / HTTPS 超文本传输协议 application layer protocols
REST 表述性状态转移 representational state transfer
WebSocket 全双工通信 persistent bidirectional connection
gRPC gRPC high-performance RPC framework
TLS 传输层安全 transport layer security
certificate 证书 identity verification
load balancing 负载均衡 distributing traffic

八、操作系统

英文 中文 说明
process 进程 running program
thread 线程 lightweight unit of execution
context switch 上下文切换 switching between processes/threads
scheduler 调度器 decides which thread runs
preemption 抢占 forcibly taking CPU
time slice 时间片 CPU time quantum
virtual memory 虚拟内存 abstracting physical memory
page fault 缺页 accessing a page not in memory
page table 页表 maps virtual to physical addresses
TLB 快表 translation lookaside buffer
swap 交换 moving pages to disk
kernel 内核 core of the OS
system call 系统调用 requesting kernel service
user space / kernel space 用户态 / 内核态 privilege levels
interrupt 中断 signal to the processor
deadlock 死锁 circular waiting for resources
mutex 互斥锁 mutual exclusion
semaphore 信号量 counting synchronization
spinlock 自旋锁 busy-waiting lock
memory-mapped file 内存映射文件 file mapped to memory
zero-copy 零拷贝 avoid copying data
buffer 缓冲区 temporary storage
DMA 直接内存访问 direct memory access
I/O multiplexing I/O 多路复用 monitoring multiple I/O streams
epoll epoll Linux I/O event notification
page cache 页缓存 cached file pages
NUMA 非统一内存访问 non-uniform memory access

九、算法与数据结构

英文 中文 说明
array 数组 contiguous memory
linked list 链表 nodes linked by pointers
stack 栈 LIFO
queue 队列 FIFO
hash table 哈希表 key-value mapping
tree 树 hierarchical structure
binary tree 二叉树 each node has at most two children
binary search tree (BST) 二叉搜索树 left < root < right
balanced tree 平衡树 height-balanced
heap 堆 complete binary tree with heap property
graph 图 nodes and edges
trie 前缀树 prefix-based tree
recursion 递归 function calling itself
iteration 迭代 looping
backtracking 回溯 exploring all possibilities
dynamic programming (DP) 动态规划 overlapping subproblems
greedy algorithm 贪心算法 locally optimal choice
sliding window 滑动窗口 subarray technique
two pointers 双指针 converging / diverging pointers
binary search 二分查找 divide and conquer on sorted data
breadth-first search (BFS) 广度优先搜索 level by level
depth-first search (DFS) 深度优先搜索 go deep first
topological sort 拓扑排序 ordering in a DAG
shortest path 最短路径 Dijkstra / Bellman-Ford / Floyd-Warshall
minimum spanning tree 最小生成树 Kruskal / Prim
time complexity 时间复杂度 Big O notation
space complexity 空间复杂度 memory usage
best / worst / average case 最好/最坏/平均情况 performance analysis
divide and conquer 分治 split, solve, merge
memoization 记忆化 caching results of function calls
adjacency list 邻接表 graph representation
adjacency matrix 邻接矩阵 graph representation
DAG 有向无环图 directed acyclic graph
topological order 拓扑序 linear ordering of vertices

十、工程实践

英文 中文 说明
version control 版本控制 Git, SVN
repository 仓库 code storage
commit 提交 save changes
branch 分支 independent line of development
merge 合并 combining branches
rebase 变基 replaying commits
pull request (PR) 拉取请求 code review request
code review 代码审查 reviewing code
continuous integration (CI) 持续集成 automated build and test
continuous deployment (CD) 持续部署 automated deployment
pipeline 流水线 CI/CD workflow
artifact 制品 build output
rollback 回滚 reverting deployment
blue-green deployment 蓝绿部署 two environments
canary release 金丝雀发布 gradual rollout
feature flag 特性开关 toggle feature on/off
unit test 单元测试 testing individual units
integration test 集成测试 testing component interaction
end-to-end test (E2E) 端到端测试 testing full workflow
regression 回归 previously working feature breaks
mock / stub 模拟 / 桩 test doubles
assertion 断言 verify expected outcome
code coverage 代码覆盖率 percentage of code tested
linting 代码检查 static analysis
logging 日志 recording events
monitoring 监控 observing system health
alerting 告警 notifying about issues
metrics 指标 quantitative measurements
dashboard 仪表盘 visual display of metrics
on-call 值班 being available for incidents
postmortem 事后复盘 incident analysis
runbook 操作手册 operational procedures
service level agreement (SLA) 服务等级协议 commitment to customers
service level objective (SLO) 服务等级目标 internal target
error budget 错误预算 allowed failure rate
toil 重复劳动 manual repetitive work
reliability 可靠性 system works correctly
observability 可观测性 understanding system internals
tracing 链路追踪 tracking request flow
profiling 性能分析 analyzing performance

常见追问

这么多词，怎么背？

不要背，要"遇到-查-用"。 每天读官方文档，遇到不认识的词用沙拉查词划一下，一键导入 Anki。工作中写邮件/PR 时，对照这个表查词。一个月后，你每天用的词自然就记住了。

音标要背吗？

不需要。 技术英语的发音重点是"让对方听懂"，不是"发音完美"。遇到不确定的发音，用 Google 翻译的发音按钮听一遍，模仿即可。重点纠正几个影响理解的音（如 th / v-w / 长短元音），见 技术听说。

技术面试中英语不好怎么办？

代码 > 英语。 如果说不清楚，就在白板上写出来。准备一个"技术面试英语表达"清单，提前背熟（见 面试英语）。面试官看重的是你的技术能力，不是英语水平。

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